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¶42 — ༡༤་༢ Lesson Six Several farnlers arecriticizing him for not planti ng the seed bought fom i̅abroad thi s year . [ ]་̅ ། i̅ ། i̅ Sometimes, however, it is more appropri ate to use the English "without"་ for negative nominalized nominalized constructions with the dative—locative. k. རྒྱུ་མཚན་མེད་པར་ཁོ་ཁོང་གྲོ་ཟ་བ་རེད།་ reason not-exist nom —to he aungry past compl.╱ He got angry wi thout reason (for no reason) . i̅ Note that the subject of the above examplei̅ (ཁོ་) །does not have to be accompanied by the i i nstrum ental case si nce the verb ཁོང་གྲོ་ ཟ་ is i nvol u ntary. l. བོད་ནས་རྒྱ་གར་ལ་མ་ཕིན་པར་འདིར་ཡོང་བ་རེད། ti bet from i ndia to nowent nom -to this—to come past compl.╱ (He, she, they) came here from Tibeti̅without going to India. i̅ The above sentence could be translated literally as "In the manner of not having gone to India, (he, she, they) cam e here from Ti bet ." 6.7 The use of རྒྱུ་ and ཡས་ or ཡག་ i̅ i̅ i̅ རྒྱུ་, རྒྱུ་, ཡས་ and ཡག་ are importa nt multi—fu ncti onal parti c l es. 6.7.. IFuture constructi ons In future contexts (i ndicated by a future temporal word such as སང་ཉིན་ or ཕི་ལོ་ or དོ་དགོང་) the particles ཡས་ or རྒྱུ་, when followed by a linking verb, express simple future action. a. ཁོ་སང་ཉིན་འགྲོ་རྒྱུ་རེད། he tomorrow go gyu—་ fut.╱ He will go (be goi ng) tomorrow. b. ཁོ་སང་ཉིན་འགྲོ་ཡས་རེད། he tomorrow goya—fut.╱ He will go (be goi ng) tom orrow. c. ཁོ་ཚོས་ཕྱི་ལོ་དགོན་པ་གསར་པ་ཞིག་རྒྱག་རྒྱུ་མ་རེད། he pl —by next year monastery new build gyu-fut. neg ་╱ They will not build a new monastery next year. d. དོ་དགོང་ཁོང་ནམས་གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེར་ཕེབས་ཡས་མ་རེད། tonight he (h ། །) pl. shigatse to goya—fut. neg.╱ They (h.) will not go to Shi gatse tonight. e. ཁོས་དོ་དགོང་འདིར་ཁ་ལག་ཟ་རྒྱུ་རེད། he—by tonight here food eat gyu fut.╱ ------ ———--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --- --------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * |
